Even back in 2011, the US state department appeared confused about the issue. After first saying XL would not have significant adverse effects on the environment, it advised TransCanada to explore alternative routes in Nebraska because the Sandhills region was a fragile ecosystem

Beyond the risks of spillage, the pipeline means a commitment to develop Alberta's oil sands.

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More energy is required to extract oil from the Alberta oil sands than in traditional drilling, and Environment Canada says it has found industry chemicals seeping into ground water and the Athabasca River.

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More photos fromĀ WaterCoin